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 ESCA 
Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, also designated IEE (Induced Electron Emission) or XP(E)S (X-Ray induced Photoelcetron Spectroscopy). Spectroscopic method for the analysis of chemical bonding. Often applied in the investigation of sample surfaces, e. g. to determine oxidation states. All elements except for hydrogen and helium can be analysed.

   
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